System can be used for geodetic work during daytime. For these reasons, researchers at ETH Zurich, a leading developer of astrogeodetic instruments, attempted to develop an alternative instrument to the DZCS: the QDaedalus system (accuracy ~0.2″). Although DZCSs provide highly accurate (0.05″–0.1″) VDs data, the DZCSs are usually very expensive to construct and difficult to transport. Or the total station-based QDaedalus system. Currently, geodetic coordinates are obtained by dual-frequency GNSS receivers, while astronomical coordinates are obtained by the Digital Zenith Camera System (DZCS) To obtain astrogeodetic VDs at a point, the astronomic and geodetic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of this point need to be known. Astrogeodetic vertical deflections (VDs) data provide valuable information about the structure of Earth’s gravity field.
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